The Generation and Function of CircRNA
CircRNAs localized in the nucleus can function as regulatory molecules for their host gene transcription by interacting with the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U1-snRNP) and enhancing the activity of the RNA polymerase II (Pol-II) complex, or by recruiting the methylcytosine dioxygenase TET1 to the promoter region (a). When exported to the cytoplasm, circRNAs can act as sponges or decoys for microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), or modulate the half-life of specific RBPs, either opposing (red T line) or facilitating their proteasome-mediated degradation (green arrow) (b, c). CircRNAs have also been shown to function as protein scaffolds (c). By promoting the co-localization of enzymes and their substrates, they can enhance reaction kinetics (yellow arrow). Finally, circRNAs containing internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements and AUG sites (green line) can be translated via a cap-independent mechanism (dashed arrow; red line indicates stop codon). The latter is facilitated by the presence of methyladenosine (m6A) and the involvement of reader proteins YTHDF3 and IRES-specific translation initiation factor eIF4G2 (d). The protein isoforms translated from circRNAs will share partial primary sequences with linearly encoded proteins, while the remaining portions of the polypeptide are unique to the isoforms encoded by circRNAs.



